A #Nigerian Professor, Niyi Osundare, an international poet & scholar, former University of Ibadan don, has been named Distinguished Professor of English by the University of New Orleans.
The rank is the highest of the professorships awarded by the University and is reserved for those who have established a truly distinguished national or international record in scholarship or creative work.
BACKGROUND
Poet, dramatist, critic, essayist, and media columnist, Niyi Osundare has authored 18 books of poetry, two books of selected poems, (with individual poems in over 70 journals and magazines across the world), four plays, a book of essays, and numerous monographs and articles on literature, language, culture, and society. He regards his calling as a writer and his profession as a teacher as essentially complementary. He was educated on three continents: a B.A. (Honours) from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria, an M.A. from the University of Leeds in England, and a Ph.D. from York University, Toronto, Canada. The wide and varied exposure accrued from this has proved very useful for his writing and teaching careers.
Born in Nigeria, one of the most linguistically and culturally heterogeneous countries in the world, he learnt early in life the complexities and challenges of diversity. He began his teaching career at the University of Ibadan in 1974 and rose to the position of full professor there in 1989. From 1993 to 1997, he was the Chair of its Department of English. He was a Fulbright scholar at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, from 1990 to 1991, and in 1991/92, an Associate Professor of English at the University of New Orleans, to which he returned as a full professor in 1997 and was selected University Research Professor in 2001 and Distinguished Professor of English in 2011.
Dr Osundare’s areas of specialization are African Literature, Literature of the African Diaspora, Literary Stylistics, Sociolinguistics, and Creative Writing. In 2005, he was selected Fellow of the Nigeria Academy of Letters (NAL), the country’s highest Academy for the Humanities. About his passion for teaching, he has this to say: “For me, the classroom is a vital space inhabited – no, lived – by students and teachers as partners, even collaborators, in a process of intellectual and social inquiry and exchange…I strive to be the kind of teacher who challenges and inspires…”
For his creative works, Osundare has received many prizes and awards: the Association of Nigerian Authors (ANA) Prize, the Cadbury/ANA Prize, the Commonwealth Poetry Prize (which he won on two different occasions, 1989 and 1994), the Noma Award (Africa’s most prestigious book award), the Tchicaya U Tam’si Award for African Poetry, and the Fonlon/Nichols Award for “excellence in literary creativity combined with significant contributions to Human Rights in Africa”. He was the recipient of the 2014 Nigerian National Merit Award, Nigeria’s highest recognition for distinguished academic and creative achievement. He has carried out readings and performances of his works in many parts of the world, and his poems have been translated into French, Italian, Slovenian, Dutch, Spanish, Japanese, Arabic, Korean, and Serbian. In 2016, he was awarded the Doctor of Letters (D.Litt.) honoris causa, by his alma mater, the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. He has also been a recipient of honorary doctorates from the Universite de Toulouse-le Mirail in France and Franklin Pierce University in Rindge New Hampshire, USA. He was a columnist for Newswatch, a prominent Nigerian newsmagazine; he maintains a weekly poetry column (Lifelines) in Nigeria’s Sunday Tribune and is a frequent newspaper, radio, and television commentator on current affairs. In June 2016, he was installed as the pioneer Chair of the Advisory Board of the new Ibadan Literary Society (ILS), based in Ibadan, Nigeria.
The Niyi Osundare International Poetry Festival (NOIPOFEST), an annual festival of poetry readings, scholarly conferences, and literary/cultural outreach, which takes place in Nigeria each May, was established in honour of Dr Osundare in 2015.
Most recently, Dr. Osundare is one of two African writers (the other being Syl Cheney Coker, the eminent Sierra Leonean poet and novelist) selected by the American organization, Dialoguetalk, for a major feature documentary entitled The Poets. The filming took place in May 2016 in Sierra Leone (Coker) and Nigeria (Osundare).
Current Scholarly Research
Dr. Osundare is currently working on a book of essays on language, literature, and culture, tentatively titled Diasporization or Exogenization: African Literature/Culture and the Imperative of a New Decolonization.
Select Publications:
Poetry
If Only the Road Could Talk: Poetic Peregrinations in Africa, Asia, and Europe. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press. 2017
City Without People: The Katrina Poems. Boston: Blackwidow Press. 2011
Random Blues, Ibadan: Kraftbooks. 2011
Days. Ibadan: Heinemann Educational Books Nigeria. 2007
The Word Is an Egg. Ibadan: Kraftbooks. 2000
Midlife. Ibadan: Heinemann Educational Books. 1993
Waiting Laughters. Lagos & Oxford: Malthouse Press. 1990
Moonsongs. Ibadan: Spectrum Books. 1988
The Eye of the Earth. Ibadan: Heinemann. 1986
Village Voices. Ibadan: Evans Brothers. 1984
Songs of the Marketplace. Ibadan: New Horn Press. 1983
Selected Poems
Pages From the Book of the Sun: New & Selected Poems. Trenton, NJ: African World Press. 2002
Selected Poems. Oxford: Heinemann International 1992
Scholarship
Thread in the Loom: Essays on African Literature and Culture, Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press. 2002
Monographs
Homage to the Book. Ibadan: University Press Authors’ Forum Monograph Series, No. 1, 2011
Style and Literary Communication in African Prose Fiction in English. Ibadan: Hope Publications, 2008
Cautious Paths Through the Bramble: A Critical Classification of Style Theories and Concepts. Ibadan: Hope Publications, 2003
The Writer as Righter: The African Literary Artist and Their Social Obligations. Ibadan: Hope Publications, 2002.
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The Test And Train Cycle: Complete Guide
# Test And Tren Cycle: Complete Guide, Benefits, Dosage, And Risks
## Introduction
The Test and Tren cycle involves the simultaneous use of **Testosterone (Test)** and **Trenbolone (Tren)** to achieve specific
fitness or bodybuilding goals. This article explores the basics, benefits, dosage guidelines, side effects, and risks associated with this steroid combination.
## What Are Test (Testosterone) and Tren (Trenbolone)?
**Testosterone** is a naturally occurring hormone produced by the body, primarily responsible for
male characteristics such as muscle growth, fat loss,
and sexual function. **Trenbolone**, on the other hand,
is an anabolic steroid that mimics the effects of testosterone but is more potent in terms of muscle building and fat burning.
## Differences Between Test and Tren
– **Testosterone** is a hormone produced by the body.
– **Trenbolone** is a synthetic steroid with similar properties to testosterone but is more potent and has a shorter half-life.
## Why Use Them Together?
Combining testosterone and trenbolone can amplify muscle growth, improve recovery, and
enhance overall performance. Testosterone helps in building muscle mass and maintaining libido, while Trenbolone accelerates fat loss and increases muscle density.
This combination is often used by athletes and bodybuilders to achieve desired results more efficiently.
## How Does a Test and Tren Cycle Work?
A **steroid cycle** refers to the period during which an individual uses these hormones in a structured manner, typically following specific dosage protocols.
The Test and Tren cycle can vary in duration but often lasts between 4 to 6 weeks.
During this time, the user administers both steroids in a
synchronized manner to maximize their effects.
## What Is a Steroid Cycle?
A steroid cycle is a period of time during which an individual uses one or more anabolic steroids in a calculated way, following predefined dosage schedules and timing protocols.
Each cycle serves a specific purpose, such as bulking (gaining muscle
mass) or cutting (reducing body fat).
## Why Do People Combine Test and Tren?
The combination of **Test** and **Tren** is popular for several
reasons:
– **Synergistic Effects**: The two hormones work
together to enhance muscle growth and fat
loss.
– **Complementary Properties**: Testosterone supports muscle
repair, while Trenbolone accelerates protein synthesis and burns fat.
## How Long Does a Typical Test and Tren Cycle Last?
The duration of the cycle can vary based on individual goals and experience level.
A typical cycle might last 4 to 6 weeks for beginners, 8 to 12 weeks for intermediates, and up to 16 weeks for advanced users.
## What Is Stacking, and Why Is It Done?
Stacking refers to using multiple steroids simultaneously or in a sequence to achieve additive effects.
In this case, stacking **Test** and **Tren** together can amplify muscle
growth and fat loss compared to using one alone.
However, it also increases the risk of side effects and requires careful monitoring.
## Important Points to Remember About Test and Tren Cycles
– Always consult with a medical professional before
starting any steroid cycle.
– Steroid use can lead to severe health risks, including cardiovascular
issues, liver strain, and hormonal imbalances.
– Use only high-quality, genuine products to minimize the risk of counterfeits or contaminated steroids.
## Benefits of a Test and Tren Cycle
### Muscle Growth and Hypertrophy
The combination of **Test** and **Tren** promotes muscle growth by increasing protein synthesis
and reducing muscle breakdown. This leads to significant gains
in muscle mass and size, particularly during bulking phases.
### Strength Increase
Both hormones enhance strength by improving nitrogen retention, which is crucial for muscle protein synthesis.
This results in greater endurance and power during workouts.
### Improved Workout Recovery
Testosterone aids in recovery by reducing muscle
soreness and promoting tissue repair. Trenbolone further enhances
this by stimulating insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1),
which supports cellular regeneration.
### Enhanced Endurance and Performance
The combined use of **Test** and **Tren** can improve endurance, allowing for longer and more
intense workouts. This is particularly beneficial for athletes who need to maintain peak performance over an extended period.
### Fat Loss and Body Composition
Trenbolone’s fat-burning properties make it highly effective for cutting phases.
The hormone also helps in maintaining muscle while stripping
fat, leading to a leaner and more defined physique.
## Dosage Guidelines for a Test and Tren Cycle
### Understanding Dosage in a Cycle
Dosage is critical when using **Test** and **Tren**, as it directly impacts the effectiveness and safety of the cycle.
The dosage can vary depending on the user’s experience, goals, and tolerance.
### Beginner Dosage Guidelines
– **Testosterone**: 300–500 mg per week (as Test Enanthate or Cypionate)
– **Trenbolone**: 50–100 mg per day (as Trenbolone Acetate)
### Intermediate Dosage Guidelines
– **Testosterone**: 500–750 mg per week
– **Trenbolone**: 100–200 mg per day
### Advanced Dosage Guidelines
– **Testosterone**: 750–1,000 mg per week
– **Trenbolone**: 200–300 mg per day
### General Rules for Dosage
– Start with the lowest effective dosage to minimize side effects.
– Gradually increase the dosage over time while monitoring your body’s response.
– Avoid exceeding the recommended maximum dosage to prevent adverse effects.
### Individual Factors and the Importance of Medical
Consultation
Factors such as age, gender, overall health, and existing medical conditions can influence the proper dosage.
Consulting with a medical professional is essential before starting any steroid cycle.
### Warnings Against Self-Medicating
Self-prescribing steroids carries significant risks, including potential for misuse, dependency, and severe health complications.
Always use steroids under the guidance of a qualified healthcare
provider.
## Side Effects of a Test and Tren Cycle
Using **Test** and **Tren** together can lead to various side effects, some of which may be severe.
### Cardiovascular Risks
– Increased cardiovascular strain due to high levels of hormones.
– Risk of heart attack or stroke in individuals with pre-existing heart conditions.
### Liver and Kidney Strain
– Long-term use can cause liver damage, particularly if the steroids
are not taken in a clean (sterile) environment.
– Kidney strain may occur from the metabolic process of the hormones.
### Mood and Psychological Effects
– Steroids can alter mood, leading to irritability, mood swings, or depression.
– There is a risk of psychological dependency or addiction with prolonged use.
### Hormonal Imbalances
– The combination of **Test** and **Tren** can disrupt the body’s natural hormone production, potentially leading to imbalances.
### Importance of Recognizing Side Effects Early
If you experience any side effects during the cycle, stop usage immediately
and seek medical attention. Early intervention is key to
minimizing long-term damage.
## Risks and Long-Term Health Concerns of Using Test and
Tren
The use of **Test** and **Tren** carries significant
risks, including:
– Cardiovascular issues.
– Liver and kidney strain.
– Endocrine disruption and hormonal imbalance.
– Psychological effects such as mood swings or dependency.
## Post Cycle Therapy (PCT) after a Test and Tren Cycle
### Why Is PCT Necessary?
Post-cycle therapy is essential to restore the body’s natural hormone production and avoid permanent damage to the endocrine system.
Without proper PCT, users may experience hormonal imbalances, infertility, or other long-term health issues.
### Common PCT Drugs and Supplements
– **Clomiphene Citrate** (to stimulate estrogen release).
– **Nolvadex** (to block estrogen receptors in males).
– **Arimidex** (for managing high levels of androgens).
– **Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)** to support natural hormone recovery.
### Typical Duration of PCT and Its Components
– PCT may last 4–6 weeks, depending on the steroids used.
– It is important to follow a structured plan that includes appropriate supplements and medications.
### Risks of Skipping or Inadequately Managing PCT
– Skipping PCT can lead to permanent hormonal imbalances and other health issues.
– Inadequate PCT may result in poor recovery and retention of gains.
## Test and Tren Cycle for Bulking Vs. Cutting
### Bulking with Test and Tren
The combination of **Test** and **Tren** is highly effective for bulking, as it promotes significant muscle growth and fat gain.
This makes it a popular choice among bodybuilders looking to add mass rapidly.
### Cutting with Test and Tren
While less common, some athletes use this combination during cutting
phases to maintain muscle while shedding excess fat.
The anabolic effects of **Test** and **Tren** help preserve muscle mass, even as the body sheds water for
a leaner appearance.
### Differences in Results and Expectations
– Bulking: Focus on mass gain with higher calorie intake.
– Cutting: Emphasize maintaining muscle while reducing fat.
### Balancing the Risks of Bulking and Cutting
While the Test and Tren cycle offers significant benefits,
it also carries risks that must be carefully managed. The potential for
side effects and legal repercussions underscores
the importance of responsible use.
## Legal Status of Testosterone and Trenbolone
### Legal Status in the United States
– **Testosterone**: Available legally with a prescription from a healthcare provider for medical
purposes.
– **Trenbolone**: Illegal to possess or distribute without a valid veterinary
or athletic exemption, such as in horse racing.
### Legal Status in Europe
Similar to the U.S., **Test** is available with a prescription, while **Trenbolone** is considered illegal.
### Legal Status in Australia and New Zealand
– **Test**: Requires a prescription from a medical professional.
– **Trenbolone**: Illegal to use or possess without authorization.
## Risks of Buying Steroids Illegally
### Counterfeit Steroids and Safety Concerns
When steroids are obtained illegally, there
is a high risk of counterfeit products that may contain harmful substances.
This can lead to serious health complications or even death in some cases.
### Understanding Medical Exceptions
In rare cases, steroids may be prescribed for medical
purposes, such as treating certain hormonal imbalances or assisting individuals with severe health
conditions. Always consult with your healthcare provider before considering steroid use.
## Safety Precautions and Guidelines for Using Test and Tren
### Importance of Regular Blood Work and Health Monitoring
– Monitor blood work regularly to check hormone levels and liver function.
– Consultation with a medical professional is essential to
ensure safe usage.
### Avoiding High Doses and Prolonged Cycles
– Exceeding recommended doses or extending the
cycle beyond necessary duration can increase risks.
### Recognizing Side Effects and Acting Quickly
– Be vigilant for signs of side effects, such as mood changes,
fatigue, or unusual physical symptoms.
### Sourcing from Reputable Sources to Avoid Counterfeit Products
– Only use steroids that are sourced legally and obtained through verified channels.
## The Importance of Post-Cycle Therapy (PCT)
Post-cycle therapy is crucial for restoring the body’s
natural hormone production and minimizing the risk of long-term health complications.
## Conclusion
The Test and Tren cycle can be an effective tool for achieving fitness goals,
but it comes with significant risks and responsibilities.
Always prioritize safety, legal compliance, and medical guidance when using these hormones.
## Questions and Answers
**Q: What is the best way to start a Test and Tren cycle?**
A: Begin with a low dosage and gradually increase while monitoring your body’s response.
Consult with a healthcare provider before starting any cycle.
**Q: Can I use Test and Tren simultaneously without PCT?**
A: No, post-cycle therapy is necessary to restore hormonal
balance and avoid long-term health issues.
**Q: How do I know if I’m using too much Test or Tren?**
A: Signs include persistent side effects, fatigue,
or changes in mood. Stop usage and seek medical advice immediately.
—
This article provides a comprehensive guide to the Test and Tren cycle, covering benefits, dosage guidelines,
risks, and safety precautions. Always consult with a
healthcare professional before starting any steroid regimen.
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